This library contains generic tools for constructing large sets whose elements can be enumerated by exploring a search space with a (lazy) tree or graph structure.
Deprecated classes (use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet() instead):
Deprecation details:
TODO:
Bases: object
A generic backtrack tool for exploring a search space organized as a tree, with branch pruning, etc.
See also SearchForest and TransitiveIdeal for handling simple special cases.
Bases: sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation, sage.combinat.backtrack.SearchForest
The commutative additive semigroup of positive integers.
This class provides an example of algebraic structure which inherits from SearchForest. It builds the positive integers a la Peano, and endows it with its natural commutative additive semigroup structure.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import PositiveIntegerSemigroup
sage: PP = PositiveIntegerSemigroup()
sage: PP.category()
Join of Category of monoids and Category of commutative additive semigroups and Category of infinite enumerated sets and Category of facade sets
sage: PP.cardinality()
+Infinity
sage: PP.one()
1
sage: PP.an_element()
1
sage: some_elements = list(PP.some_elements()); some_elements
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100]
TESTS:
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import PositiveIntegerSemigroup
sage: PP = PositiveIntegerSemigroup()
We factor out the long test from the TestSuite:
sage: TestSuite(PP).run(skip='_test_enumerated_set_contains')
sage: PP._test_enumerated_set_contains() # long time
Return the single child x+1 of the integer x
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import PositiveIntegerSemigroup
sage: PP = PositiveIntegerSemigroup()
sage: list(PP.children(1))
[2]
sage: list(PP.children(42))
[43]
Return the unit of self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import PositiveIntegerSemigroup
sage: PP = PositiveIntegerSemigroup()
sage: PP.one()
1
Return the single root of self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import PositiveIntegerSemigroup
sage: PP = PositiveIntegerSemigroup()
sage: list(PP.roots())
[1]
Bases: sage.structure.parent.Parent
The enumerated set of the nodes of the forest having the given roots, and where children(x) returns the children of the node x of the forest.
See also GenericBacktracker, TransitiveIdeal, and TransitiveIdealGraded.
INPUT:
The option post_process allows for customizing the nodes that are actually produced. Furthermore, if f(x) returns None, then x won’t be output at all.
EXAMPLES:
We construct the set of all binary sequences of length at most three, and list them:
sage: S = SearchForest( [[]],
....: lambda l: [l+[0], l+[1]] if len(l) < 3 else [],
....: category=FiniteEnumeratedSets())
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: S.list()
[[],
[0], [0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1],
[1], [1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
SearchForest needs to be explicitly told that the set is finite for the following to work:
sage: S.category()
Category of finite enumerated sets
sage: S.cardinality()
15
We proceed with the set of all lists of letters in 0,1,2 without repetitions, ordered by increasing length (i.e. using a breadth first search through the tree):
sage: tb = SearchForest( [[]],
....: lambda l: [l + [i] for i in range(3) if i not in l],
....: algorithm = 'breadth',
....: category=FiniteEnumeratedSets())
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: tb[0]
[]
sage: tb.cardinality()
16
sage: list(tb)
[[],
[0], [1], [2],
[0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1],
[0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 1], [1, 0, 2], [1, 2, 0], [2, 0, 1], [2, 1, 0]]
For infinite sets, this option should be set carefully to ensure
that all elements are actually generated. The following example
builds the set of all ordered pairs of nonnegative
integers such that
:
sage: I = SearchForest([(0,0)],
....: lambda l: [(l[0]+1, l[1]), (l[0], 1)]
....: if l[1] == 0 else [(l[0], l[1]+1)])
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
With a depth first search, only the elements of the form
are generated:
sage: depth_search = I.depth_first_search_iterator()
sage: [depth_search.next() for i in range(7)]
[(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0), (4, 0), (5, 0), (6, 0)]
Using instead breadth first search gives the usual anti-diagonal iterator:
sage: breadth_search = I.breadth_first_search_iterator()
sage: [breadth_search.next() for i in range(15)]
[(0, 0),
(1, 0), (0, 1),
(2, 0), (1, 1), (0, 2),
(3, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (0, 3),
(4, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (0, 4)]
Deriving subclasses
The class of a parent may derive from SearchForest so
that
can benefit from enumeration tools. As a running example,
we consider the problem of enumerating integers whose binary
expansion have at most three nonzero digits. For example,
has two nonzero digits.
has four nonzero digits. In fact,
is the smallest integer
which is not in the enumerated set.
To achieve this, we use SearchForest to enumerate binary tuples with at most three nonzero digits, apply a post processing to recover the corresponding integers, and discard tuples finishing by zero.
A first approach is to pass the roots and children functions as arguments to SearchForest.__init__():
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import SearchForest
sage: class A(UniqueRepresentation, SearchForest):
....: def __init__(self):
....: SearchForest.__init__(self, [()],
....: lambda x : [x+(0,), x+(1,)] if sum(x) < 3 else [],
....: lambda x : sum(x[i]*2^i for i in range(len(x))) if sum(x) != 0 and x[-1] != 0 else None,
....: algorithm = 'breadth',
....: category=InfiniteEnumeratedSets())
sage: MyForest = A(); MyForest
An enumerated set with a forest structure
sage: MyForest.category()
Category of infinite enumerated sets
sage: p = iter(MyForest)
sage: [p.next() for i in range(30)]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 8, 12, 10, 14, 9, 13, 11, 16, 24, 20, 28, 18, 26, 22, 17, 25, 21, 19, 32, 48, 40, 56, 36]
An alternative approach is to implement roots and children
as methods of the subclass (in fact they could also be attributes
of ). Namely, A.roots() must return an iterable containing
the enumeration generators, and A.children(x) must return an
iterable over the children of
. Optionally,
can have a
method or attribute such that A.post_process(x) returns the
desired output for the node x of the tree:
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import SearchForest
sage: class A(UniqueRepresentation, SearchForest):
....: def __init__(self):
....: SearchForest.__init__(self, algorithm = 'breadth',
....: category=InfiniteEnumeratedSets())
....:
....: def roots(self):
....: return [()]
....:
....: def children(self, x):
....: if sum(x) < 3:
....: return [x+(0,), x+(1,)]
....: else:
....: return []
....:
....: def post_process(self, x):
....: if sum(x) == 0 or x[-1] == 0:
....: return None
....: else:
....: return sum(x[i]*2^i for i in range(len(x)))
sage: MyForest = A(); MyForest
An enumerated set with a forest structure
sage: MyForest.category()
Category of infinite enumerated sets
sage: p = iter(MyForest)
sage: [p.next() for i in range(30)]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 8, 12, 10, 14, 9, 13, 11, 16, 24, 20, 28, 18, 26, 22, 17, 25, 21, 19, 32, 48, 40, 56, 36]
Warning
A SearchForest instance is picklable if and only if the input functions are themselves picklable. This excludes anonymous or interactively defined functions:
sage: def children(x):
....: return [x+1]
sage: S = SearchForest( [1], children, category=InfiniteEnumeratedSets())
sage: dumps(S)
Traceback (most recent call last):
....:
PicklingError: Can't pickle <type 'function'>: attribute lookup __builtin__.function failed
Let us now fake children being defined in a Python module:
sage: import __main__
sage: __main__.children = children
sage: S = SearchForest( [1], children, category=InfiniteEnumeratedSets())
sage: loads(dumps(S))
An enumerated set with a forest structure
Return a breadth first search iterator over the elements of self
EXAMPLES:
sage: f = SearchForest([[]],
....: lambda l: [l+[0], l+[1]] if len(l) < 3 else [])
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: list(f.breadth_first_search_iterator())
[[], [0], [1], [0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
sage: S = SearchForest([(0,0)],
....: lambda x : [(x[0], x[1]+1)] if x[1] != 0 else [(x[0]+1,0), (x[0],1)],
....: post_process = lambda x: x if ((is_prime(x[0]) and is_prime(x[1])) and ((x[0] - x[1]) == 2)) else None)
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: p = S.breadth_first_search_iterator()
sage: [p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next()]
[(5, 3), (7, 5), (13, 11), (19, 17), (31, 29), (43, 41), (61, 59)]
Return the children of the element x
The result can be a list, an iterable, an iterator, or even a generator.
EXAMPLES:
sage: I = SearchForest([(0,0)], lambda l: [(l[0]+1, l[1]), (l[0], 1)] if l[1] == 0 else [(l[0], l[1]+1)])
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: [i for i in I.children((0,0))]
[(1, 0), (0, 1)]
sage: [i for i in I.children((1,0))]
[(2, 0), (1, 1)]
sage: [i for i in I.children((1,1))]
[(1, 2)]
sage: [i for i in I.children((4,1))]
[(4, 2)]
sage: [i for i in I.children((4,0))]
[(5, 0), (4, 1)]
Return a depth first search iterator over the elements of self
EXAMPLES:
sage: f = SearchForest([[]],
....: lambda l: [l+[0], l+[1]] if len(l) < 3 else [])
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: list(f.depth_first_search_iterator())
[[], [0], [0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1], [1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
Return an iterator over the elements of self of given depth.
An element of depth can be obtained applying
times the
children function from a root.
EXAMPLES:
sage: S = SearchForest([(0,0)] ,
....: lambda x : [(x[0], x[1]+1)] if x[1] != 0 else [(x[0]+1,0), (x[0],1)],
....: post_process = lambda x: x if ((is_prime(x[0]) and is_prime(x[1]))
....: and ((x[0] - x[1]) == 2)) else None)
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: p = S.elements_of_depth_iterator(8)
sage: p.next()
(5, 3)
sage: S = SearchForest(NN, lambda x : [],
....: lambda x: x^2 if x.is_prime() else None)
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: p = S.elements_of_depth_iterator(0)
sage: [p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next()]
[4, 9, 25, 49, 121]
Return an iterable over the roots of self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: I = SearchForest([(0,0)], lambda l: [(l[0]+1, l[1]), (l[0], 1)] if l[1] == 0 else [(l[0], l[1]+1)])
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
sage: [i for i in I.roots()]
[(0, 0)]
sage: I = SearchForest([(0,0),(1,1)], lambda l: [(l[0]+1, l[1]), (l[0], 1)] if l[1] == 0 else [(l[0], l[1]+1)])
sage: [i for i in I.roots()]
[(0, 0), (1, 1)]
Bases: sage.sets.recursively_enumerated_set.RecursivelyEnumeratedSet_generic
Generic tool for constructing ideals of a relation.
INPUT:
Returns the set of elements that can be obtained by repeated
application of relation on the elements of generators.
Consider relation as modeling a directed graph (possibly with
loops, cycles, or circuits). Then is the ideal generated by
generators under this relation.
Enumerating the elements of is achieved by depth first search
through the graph. The time complexity is
where
is
the size of the ideal, and
the number of edges in the
relation. The memory complexity is the depth, that is the maximal
distance between a generator and an element of
.
See also SearchForest and TransitiveIdealGraded.
EXAMPLES:
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdeal(lambda i: [i+1] if i<10 else [], [0])]
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdeal(lambda i: [mod(i+1,3)], [0])]
[0, 1, 2]
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdeal(lambda i: [mod(i+2,3)], [0])]
[0, 2, 1]
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdeal(lambda i: [mod(i+2,10)], [0])]
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdeal(lambda i: [mod(i+3,10),mod(i+5,10)], [0])]
[0, 3, 8, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 2]
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdeal(lambda i: [mod(i+4,10),mod(i+6,10)], [0])]
[0, 4, 8, 2, 6]
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdeal(lambda i: [mod(i+3,9)], [0,1])]
[0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7]
sage: [p for p in TransitiveIdeal(lambda x:[x],[Permutation([3,1,2,4]), Permutation([2,1,3,4])])]
[[2, 1, 3, 4], [3, 1, 2, 4]]
We now illustrate that the enumeration is done lazily, by depth first search:
sage: C = TransitiveIdeal(lambda x: [x-1, x+1], (-10, 0, 10))
sage: f = C.__iter__()
sage: [ f.next() for i in range(6) ]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
We compute all the permutations of 3:
sage: [p for p in TransitiveIdeal(attrcall("permutohedron_succ"), [Permutation([1,2,3])])]
[[1, 2, 3], [2, 1, 3], [1, 3, 2], [2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1], [3, 1, 2]]
We compute all the permutations which are larger than [3,1,2,4], [2,1,3,4] in the right permutohedron:
sage: [p for p in TransitiveIdeal(attrcall("permutohedron_succ"), [Permutation([3,1,2,4]), Permutation([2,1,3,4])])]
[[2, 1, 3, 4], [2, 1, 4, 3], [2, 4, 1, 3], [4, 2, 1, 3], [4, 2, 3, 1], [4, 3, 2, 1], [3, 1, 2, 4], [2, 4, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1, 4], [2, 3, 1, 4], [2, 3, 4, 1], [3, 2, 4, 1], [3, 1, 4, 2], [3, 4, 2, 1], [3, 4, 1, 2], [4, 3, 1, 2]]
Using TransitiveIdeal people have been using the __contains__ method provided from the __iter__ method. We need to make sure that this continues to work:
sage: T = TransitiveIdeal(lambda a:[a+7,a+5], [0])
sage: 12 in T
True
Bases: sage.sets.recursively_enumerated_set.RecursivelyEnumeratedSet_generic
Generic tool for constructing ideals of a relation.
INPUT:
Return the set of elements that can be obtained by repeated
application of relation on the elements of generators.
Consider relation as modeling a directed graph (possibly with
loops, cycles, or circuits). Then is the ideal generated by
generators under this relation.
Enumerating the elements of is achieved by breadth first search
through the graph; hence elements are enumerated by increasing
distance from the generators. The time complexity is
where
is the size of the ideal, and
the number of edges in
the relation. The memory complexity is the depth, that is the
maximal distance between a generator and an element of
.
See also SearchForest and TransitiveIdeal.
EXAMPLES:
sage: [i for i in TransitiveIdealGraded(lambda i: [i+1] if i<10 else [], [0])]
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: This class soon will not be
available in that way anymore. Use RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
instead. See http://trac.sagemath.org/6637 for details.
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
We now illustrate that the enumeration is done lazily, by breadth first search:
sage: C = TransitiveIdealGraded(lambda x: [x-1, x+1], (-10, 0, 10))
sage: f = C.__iter__()
The elements at distance 0 from the generators:
sage: sorted([ f.next() for i in range(3) ])
[-10, 0, 10]
The elements at distance 1 from the generators:
sage: sorted([ f.next() for i in range(6) ])
[-11, -9, -1, 1, 9, 11]
The elements at distance 2 from the generators:
sage: sorted([ f.next() for i in range(6) ])
[-12, -8, -2, 2, 8, 12]
The enumeration order between elements at the same distance is not specified.
We compute all the permutations which are larger than [3,1,2,4] or [2,1,3,4] in the permutohedron:
sage: [p for p in TransitiveIdealGraded(attrcall("permutohedron_succ"), [Permutation([3,1,2,4]), Permutation([2,1,3,4])])]
[[3, 1, 2, 4], [2, 1, 3, 4], [2, 1, 4, 3], [3, 2, 1, 4], [2, 3, 1, 4], [3, 1, 4, 2], [2, 3, 4, 1], [3, 4, 1, 2], [3, 2, 4, 1], [2, 4, 1, 3], [2, 4, 3, 1], [4, 3, 1, 2], [4, 2, 1, 3], [3, 4, 2, 1], [4, 2, 3, 1], [4, 3, 2, 1]]
Return an iterator on the nodes of the forest having the given roots, and where children(x) returns the children of the node x of the forest. Note that every node of the tree is returned, not simply the leaves.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
We construct the prefix tree of binary sequences of length at most three, and enumerate its nodes:
sage: from sage.combinat.backtrack import search_forest_iterator
sage: list(search_forest_iterator([[]], lambda l: [l+[0], l+[1]]
....: if len(l) < 3 else []))
[[], [0], [0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 1], [1], [1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
By default, the nodes are iterated through by depth first search. We can instead use a breadth first search (increasing depth):
sage: list(search_forest_iterator([[]], lambda l: [l+[0], l+[1]]
....: if len(l) < 3 else [],
....: algorithm='breadth'))
[[],
[0], [1],
[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1],
[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
This allows for iterating trough trees of infinite depth:
sage: it = search_forest_iterator([[]], lambda l: [l+[0], l+[1]], algorithm='breadth')
sage: [ it.next() for i in range(16) ]
[[],
[0], [1], [0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1],
[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0]]
Here is an interator through the prefix tree of sequences of
letters in without repetitions, sorted by length; the
leaves are therefore permutations:
sage: list(search_forest_iterator([[]], lambda l: [l + [i] for i in range(3) if i not in l],
....: algorithm='breadth'))
[[],
[0], [1], [2],
[0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1],
[0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 1], [1, 0, 2], [1, 2, 0], [2, 0, 1], [2, 1, 0]]