Bases: sqlalchemy.orm.session._SessionClassMethods
A configurable Session factory.
The sessionmaker factory generates new Session objects when called, creating them given the configurational arguments established here.
e.g.:
# global scope
Session = sessionmaker(autoflush=False)
# later, in a local scope, create and use a session:
sess = Session()
Any keyword arguments sent to the constructor itself will override the “configured” keywords:
Session = sessionmaker()
# bind an individual session to a connection
sess = Session(bind=connection)
The class also includes a method configure(), which can be used to specify additional keyword arguments to the factory, which will take effect for subsequent Session objects generated. This is usually used to associate one or more Engine objects with an existing sessionmaker factory before it is first used:
# application starts
Session = sessionmaker()
# ... later
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///foo.db')
Session.configure(bind=engine)
sess = Session()
Produce a new Session object using the configuration established in this sessionmaker.
In Python, the __call__ method is invoked on an object when it is “called” in the same way as a function:
Session = sessionmaker()
session = Session() # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
Construct a new sessionmaker.
All arguments here except for class_ correspond to arguments accepted by Session directly. See the Session.__init__() docstring for more details on parameters.
Parameters: |
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Close all sessions in memory.
(Re)configure the arguments for this sessionmaker.
e.g.:
Session = sessionmaker()
Session.configure(bind=create_engine('sqlite://'))
Return an identity key.
This is an alias of util.identity_key().
Return the Session to which an object belongs.
This is an alias of object_session().
Bases: sqlalchemy.orm.session._SessionClassMethods
Manages persistence operations for ORM-mapped objects.
The Session’s usage paradigm is described at Using the Session.
Construct a new Session.
See also the sessionmaker function which is used to generate a Session-producing callable with a given set of arguments.
Parameters: |
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Place an object in the Session.
Its state will be persisted to the database on the next flush operation.
Repeated calls to add() will be ignored. The opposite of add() is expunge().
Add the given collection of instances to this Session.
Begin a transaction on this Session.
If this Session is already within a transaction, either a plain transaction or nested transaction, an error is raised, unless subtransactions=True or nested=True is specified.
The subtransactions=True flag indicates that this begin() can create a subtransaction if a transaction is already in progress. For documentation on subtransactions, please see Using Subtransactions with Autocommit.
The nested flag begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is equivalent to calling begin_nested(). For documentation on SAVEPOINT transactions, please see Using SAVEPOINT.
Begin a nested transaction on this Session.
The target database(s) must support SQL SAVEPOINTs or a SQLAlchemy-supported vendor implementation of the idea.
For documentation on SAVEPOINT transactions, please see Using SAVEPOINT.
Bind operations for a mapper to a Connectable.
All subsequent operations involving this mapper will use the given bind.
Bind operations on a Table to a Connectable.
All subsequent operations involving this Table will use the given bind.
Close this Session.
This clears all items and ends any transaction in progress.
If this session were created with autocommit=False, a new transaction is immediately begun. Note that this new transaction does not use any connection resources until they are first needed.
Close all sessions in memory.
Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an InvalidRequestError.
By default, the Session also expires all database loaded state on all ORM-managed attributes after transaction commit. This so that subsequent operations load the most recent data from the database. This behavior can be disabled using the expire_on_commit=False option to sessionmaker or the Session constructor.
If a subtransaction is in effect (which occurs when begin() is called multiple times), the subtransaction will be closed, and the next call to commit() will operate on the enclosing transaction.
When using the Session in its default mode of autocommit=False, a new transaction will be begun immediately after the commit, but note that the newly begun transaction does not use any connection resources until the first SQL is actually emitted.
See also
Return a Connection object corresponding to this Session object’s transactional state.
If this Session is configured with autocommit=False, either the Connection corresponding to the current transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new one is begun and the Connection returned (note that no transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first SQL statement is emitted).
Alternatively, if this Session is configured with autocommit=True, an ad-hoc Connection is returned using Engine.contextual_connect() on the underlying Engine.
Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound Session objects can be resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments. This ultimately makes usage of the get_bind() method for resolution.
Parameters: |
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Mark an instance as deleted.
The database delete operation occurs upon flush().
The set of all instances marked as ‘deleted’ within this Session
The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
E.g.:
some_mapped_object in session.dirty
Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not deleted.
Note that this ‘dirty’ calculation is ‘optimistic’; most attribute-setting or collection modification operations will mark an instance as ‘dirty’ and place it in this set, even if there is no net change to the attribute’s value. At flush time, the value of each attribute is compared to its previously saved value, and if there’s no net change, no SQL operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so it’s only done at flush time).
To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its attributes, use the Session.is_modified() method.
Associate an object with this Session for related object loading.
Warning
enable_relationship_loading() exists to serve special use cases and is not recommended for general use.
Accesses of attributes mapped with relationship() will attempt to load a value from the database using this Session as the source of connectivity. The values will be loaded based on foreign key values present on this object - it follows that this functionality generally only works for many-to-one-relationships.
The object will be attached to this session, but will not participate in any persistence operations; its state for almost all purposes will remain either “transient” or “detached”, except for the case of relationship loading.
Also note that backrefs will often not work as expected. Altering a relationship-bound attribute on the target object may not fire off a backref event, if the effective value is what was already loaded from a foreign-key-holding value.
The Session.enable_relationship_loading() method is similar to the load_on_pending flag on relationship(). Unlike that flag, Session.enable_relationship_loading() allows an object to remain transient while still being able to load related items.
To make a transient object associated with a Session via Session.enable_relationship_loading() pending, add it to the Session using Session.add() normally.
Session.enable_relationship_loading() does not improve behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so that they are present in an ordinary way before flush() proceeds. This method is not intended for general use.
New in version 0.8.
See also
load_on_pending at relationship() - this flag allows per-relationship loading of many-to-ones on items that are pending.
Execute a SQL expression construct or string statement within the current transaction.
Returns a ResultProxy representing results of the statement execution, in the same manner as that of an Engine or Connection.
E.g.:
result = session.execute(
user_table.select().where(user_table.c.id == 5)
)
execute() accepts any executable clause construct, such as select(), insert(), update(), delete(), and text(). Plain SQL strings can be passed as well, which in the case of Session.execute() only will be interpreted the same as if it were passed via a text() construct. That is, the following usage:
result = session.execute(
"SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param",
{"param":5}
)
is equivalent to:
from sqlalchemy import text
result = session.execute(
text("SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param"),
{"param":5}
)
The second positional argument to Session.execute() is an optional parameter set. Similar to that of Connection.execute(), whether this is passed as a single dictionary, or a list of dictionaries, determines whether the DBAPI cursor’s execute() or executemany() is used to execute the statement. An INSERT construct may be invoked for a single row:
result = session.execute(
users.insert(), {"id": 7, "name": "somename"})
or for multiple rows:
result = session.execute(users.insert(), [
{"id": 7, "name": "somename7"},
{"id": 8, "name": "somename8"},
{"id": 9, "name": "somename9"}
])
The statement is executed within the current transactional context of this Session. The Connection which is used to execute the statement can also be acquired directly by calling the Session.connection() method. Both methods use a rule-based resolution scheme in order to determine the Connection, which in the average case is derived directly from the “bind” of the Session itself, and in other cases can be based on the mapper() and Table objects passed to the method; see the documentation for Session.get_bind() for a full description of this scheme.
The Session.execute() method does not invoke autoflush.
The ResultProxy returned by the Session.execute() method is returned with the “close_with_result” flag set to true; the significance of this flag is that if this Session is autocommitting and does not have a transaction-dedicated Connection available, a temporary Connection is established for the statement execution, which is closed (meaning, returned to the connection pool) when the ResultProxy has consumed all available data. This applies only when the Session is configured with autocommit=True and no transaction has been started.
Parameters: |
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See also
SQL Expression Language Tutorial - Tutorial on using Core SQL constructs.
Working with Engines and Connections - Further information on direct statement execution.
Connection.execute() - core level statement execution method, which is Session.execute() ultimately uses in order to execute the statement.
Expire the attributes on an instance.
Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the Session object’s current transactional context in order to load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes in database state outside of that transaction.
To expire all objects in the Session simultaneously, use Session.expire_all().
The Session object’s default behavior is to expire all state whenever the Session.rollback() or Session.commit() methods are called, so that new state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason, calling Session.expire() only makes sense for the specific case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current transaction.
Parameters: |
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Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed, a query will be issued using the Session object’s current transactional context in order to load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes in database state outside of that transaction.
To expire individual objects and individual attributes on those objects, use Session.expire().
The Session object’s default behavior is to expire all state whenever the Session.rollback() or Session.commit() methods are called, so that new state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason, calling Session.expire_all() should not be needed when autocommit is False, assuming the transaction is isolated.
Remove the instance from this Session.
This will free all internal references to the instance. Cascading will be applied according to the expunge cascade rule.
Remove all object instances from this Session.
This is equivalent to calling expunge(obj) on all objects in this Session.
Flush all the object changes to the database.
Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc. Operations are automatically ordered by the Session’s unit of work dependency solver.
Database operations will be issued in the current transactional context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back. You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move changes from Python to the database’s transaction buffer.
For autocommit Sessions with no active manual transaction, flush() will create a transaction on the fly that surrounds the entire set of operations int the flush.
Parameters: | objects¶ – Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate only on elements that are in the given collection. This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where particular objects may need to be operated upon before the full flush() occurs. It is not intended for general use. |
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Return a “bind” to which this Session is bound.
The “bind” is usually an instance of Engine, except in the case where the Session has been explicitly bound directly to a Connection.
For a multiply-bound or unbound Session, the mapper or clause arguments are used to determine the appropriate bind to return.
Note that the “mapper” argument is usually present when Session.get_bind() is called via an ORM operation such as a Session.query(), each individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a Session.flush(), call, etc.
The order of resolution is:
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Return an identity key.
This is an alias of util.identity_key().
A mapping of object identities to objects themselves.
Iterating through Session.identity_map.values() provides access to the full set of persistent objects (i.e., those that have row identity) currently in the session.
See also
identity_key() - helper function to produce the keys used in this dictionary.
A user-modifiable dictionary.
The initial value of this dictioanry can be populated using the info argument to the Session constructor or sessionmaker constructor or factory methods. The dictionary here is always local to this Session and can be modified independently of all other Session objects.
New in version 0.9.0.
Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
This is a variant of Session.close() that will additionally ensure that the Connection.invalidate() method will be called on all Connection objects. This can be called when the database is known to be in a state where the connections are no longer safe to be used.
E.g.:
try:
sess = Session()
sess.add(User())
sess.commit()
except gevent.Timeout:
sess.invalidate()
raise
except:
sess.rollback()
raise
This clears all items and ends any transaction in progress.
If this session were created with autocommit=False, a new transaction is immediately begun. Note that this new transaction does not use any connection resources until they are first needed.
New in version 0.9.9.
True if this Session is in “transaction mode” and is not in “partial rollback” state.
The Session in its default mode of autocommit=False is essentially always in “transaction mode”, in that a SessionTransaction is associated with it as soon as it is instantiated. This SessionTransaction is immediately replaced with a new one as soon as it is ended, due to a rollback, commit, or close operation.
“Transaction mode” does not indicate whether or not actual database connection resources are in use; the SessionTransaction object coordinates among zero or more actual database transactions, and starts out with none, accumulating individual DBAPI connections as different data sources are used within its scope. The best way to track when a particular Session has actually begun to use DBAPI resources is to implement a listener using the SessionEvents.after_begin() method, which will deliver both the Session as well as the target Connection to a user-defined event listener.
The “partial rollback” state refers to when an “inner” transaction, typically used during a flush, encounters an error and emits a rollback of the DBAPI connection. At this point, the Session is in “partial rollback” and awaits for the user to call Session.rollback(), in order to close out the transaction stack. It is in this “partial rollback” period that the is_active flag returns False. After the call to Session.rollback(), the SessionTransaction is replaced with a new one and is_active returns True again.
When a Session is used in autocommit=True mode, the SessionTransaction is only instantiated within the scope of a flush call, or when Session.begin() is called. So is_active will always be False outside of a flush or Session.begin() block in this mode, and will be True within the Session.begin() block as long as it doesn’t enter “partial rollback” state.
From all the above, it follows that the only purpose to this flag is for application frameworks that wish to detect is a “rollback” is necessary within a generic error handling routine, for Session objects that would otherwise be in “partial rollback” mode. In a typical integration case, this is also not necessary as it is standard practice to emit Session.rollback() unconditionally within the outermost exception catch.
To track the transactional state of a Session fully, use event listeners, primarily the SessionEvents.after_begin(), SessionEvents.after_commit(), SessionEvents.after_rollback() and related events.
Return True if the given instance has locally modified attributes.
This method retrieves the history for each instrumented attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current value to its previously committed value, if any.
It is in effect a more expensive and accurate version of checking for the given instance in the Session.dirty collection; a full test for each attribute’s net “dirty” status is performed.
E.g.:
return session.is_modified(someobject)
Changed in version 0.8: When using SQLAlchemy 0.7 and earlier, the passive flag should always be explicitly set to True, else SQL loads/autoflushes may proceed which can affect the modified state itself: session.is_modified(someobject, passive=True). In 0.8 and above, the behavior is corrected and this flag is ignored.
A few caveats to this method apply:
Instances present in the Session.dirty collection may report False when tested with this method. This is because the object may have received change events via attribute mutation, thus placing it in Session.dirty, but ultimately the state is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net change here.
Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded, or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in most cases does not need the “old” value when a set event occurs, so it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn’t present, based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn’t, is less expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
The “old” value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the attribute container has the active_history flag set to True. This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar object references that are not a simple many-to-one. To set this flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the active_history argument with column_property().
Parameters: |
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Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance within this Session.
Session.merge() examines the primary key attributes of the source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the same primary key in the session. If not found locally, it attempts to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if none can be located, creates a new instance. The state of each attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target instance. The resulting target instance is then returned by the method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and un-associated with the Session if not already.
This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is mapped with cascade="merge".
See Merging for a detailed discussion of merging.
Parameters: |
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The set of all instances marked as ‘new’ within this Session.
Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
e.g.:
with session.no_autoflush:
some_object = SomeClass()
session.add(some_object)
# won't autoflush
some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
Operations that proceed within the with: block will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query access. This is useful when initializing a series of objects which involve existing database queries, where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
New in version 0.7.6.
Return the Session to which an object belongs.
This is an alias of object_session().
Prepare the current transaction in progress for two phase commit.
If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an InvalidRequestError.
Only root transactions of two phase sessions can be prepared. If the current transaction is not such, an InvalidRequestError is raised.
Remove unreferenced instances cached in the identity map.
Deprecated since version 0.7: The non-weak-referencing identity map feature is no longer needed.
Note that this method is only meaningful if “weak_identity_map” is set to False. The default weak identity map is self-pruning.
Removes any object in this Session’s identity map that is not referenced in user code, modified, new or scheduled for deletion. Returns the number of objects pruned.
Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be refreshed with their current database value.
Lazy-loaded relational attributes will remain lazily loaded, so that the instance-wide refresh operation will be followed immediately by the lazy load of that attribute.
Eagerly-loaded relational attributes will eagerly load within the single refresh operation.
Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes in database state outside of that transaction - usage of refresh() usually only makes sense if non-ORM SQL statement were emitted in the ongoing transaction, or if autocommit mode is turned on.
Parameters: |
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Rollback the current transaction in progress.
If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
This method rolls back the current transaction or nested transaction regardless of subtransactions being in effect. All subtransactions up to the first real transaction are closed. Subtransactions occur when begin() is called multiple times.
See also
Like execute() but return a scalar result.
The current active or inactive SessionTransaction.
A Session-level transaction.
SessionTransaction is a mostly behind-the-scenes object not normally referenced directly by application code. It coordinates among multiple Connection objects, maintaining a database transaction for each one individually, committing or rolling them back all at once. It also provides optional two-phase commit behavior which can augment this coordination operation.
The Session.transaction attribute of Session refers to the current SessionTransaction object in use, if any.
A SessionTransaction is associated with a Session in its default mode of autocommit=False immediately, associated with no database connections. As the Session is called upon to emit SQL on behalf of various Engine or Connection objects, a corresponding Connection and associated Transaction is added to a collection within the SessionTransaction object, becoming one of the connection/transaction pairs maintained by the SessionTransaction.
The lifespan of the SessionTransaction ends when the Session.commit(), Session.rollback() or Session.close() methods are called. At this point, the SessionTransaction removes its association with its parent Session. A Session that is in autocommit=False mode will create a new SessionTransaction to replace it immediately, whereas a Session that’s in autocommit=True mode will remain without a SessionTransaction until the Session.begin() method is called.
Another detail of SessionTransaction behavior is that it is capable of “nesting”. This means that the Session.begin() method can be called while an existing SessionTransaction is already present, producing a new SessionTransaction that temporarily replaces the parent SessionTransaction. When a SessionTransaction is produced as nested, it assigns itself to the Session.transaction attribute. When it is ended via Session.commit() or Session.rollback(), it restores its parent SessionTransaction back onto the Session.transaction attribute. The behavior is effectively a stack, where Session.transaction refers to the current head of the stack.
The purpose of this stack is to allow nesting of Session.rollback() or Session.commit() calls in context with various flavors of Session.begin(). This nesting behavior applies to when Session.begin_nested() is used to emit a SAVEPOINT transaction, and is also used to produce a so-called “subtransaction” which allows a block of code to use a begin/rollback/commit sequence regardless of whether or not its enclosing code block has begun a transaction. The flush() method, whether called explicitly or via autoflush, is the primary consumer of the “subtransaction” feature, in that it wishes to guarantee that it works within in a transaction block regardless of whether or not the Session is in transactional mode when the method is called.
See also:
Make the given instance ‘transient’.
This will remove its association with any session and additionally will remove its “identity key”, such that it’s as though the object were newly constructed, except retaining its values. It also resets the “deleted” flag on the state if this object had been explicitly deleted by its session.
Attributes which were “expired” or deferred at the instance level are reverted to undefined, and will not trigger any loads.
Make the given transient instance ‘detached’.
All attribute history on the given instance will be reset as though the instance were freshly loaded from a query. Missing attributes will be marked as expired. The primary key attributes of the object, which are required, will be made into the “key” of the instance.
The object can then be added to a session, or merged possibly with the load=False flag, at which point it will look as if it were loaded that way, without emitting SQL.
This is a special use case function that differs from a normal call to Session.merge() in that a given persistent state can be manufactured without any SQL calls.
New in version 0.9.5.
See also
Return the Session to which the given instance belongs.
This is essentially the same as the InstanceState.session accessor. See that attribute for details.
Return True if the given object was deleted within a session flush.
New in version 0.8.0.
These functions are provided by the SQLAlchemy attribute instrumentation API to provide a detailed interface for dealing with instances, attribute values, and history. Some of them are useful when constructing event listener functions, such as those described in ORM Events.
Given an object, return the InstanceState associated with the object.
Raises sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError if no mapping is configured.
Equivalent functionality is available via the inspect() function as:
inspect(instance)
Using the inspection system will raise sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable if the instance is not part of a mapping.
Delete the value of an attribute, firing history events.
This function may be used regardless of instrumentation applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required. Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage of this method to establish attribute state as understood by SQLAlchemy.
Get the value of an attribute, firing any callables required.
This function may be used regardless of instrumentation applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required. Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage of this method to make usage of attribute state as understood by SQLAlchemy.
Return a History record for the given object and attribute key.
Parameters: |
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Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.
This function is used to provide direct access to collection internals for a previously unloaded attribute. e.g.:
collection_adapter = init_collection(someobject, 'elements')
for elem in values:
collection_adapter.append_without_event(elem)
For an easier way to do the above, see set_committed_value().
obj is an instrumented object instance. An InstanceState is accepted directly for backwards compatibility but this usage is deprecated.
Mark an attribute on an instance as ‘modified’.
This sets the ‘modified’ flag on the instance and establishes an unconditional change event for the given attribute.
Return the InstanceState for a given mapped object.
This function is the internal version of object_state(). The object_state() and/or the inspect() function is preferred here as they each emit an informative exception if the given object is not mapped.
Return True if the given attribute on the given instance is instrumented by the attributes package.
This function may be used regardless of instrumentation applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
Set the value of an attribute, firing history events.
This function may be used regardless of instrumentation applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required. Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage of this method to establish attribute state as understood by SQLAlchemy.
Set the value of an attribute with no history events.
Cancels any previous history present. The value should be a scalar value for scalar-holding attributes, or an iterable for any collection-holding attribute.
This is the same underlying method used when a lazy loader fires off and loads additional data from the database. In particular, this method can be used by application code which has loaded additional attributes or collections through separate queries, which can then be attached to an instance as though it were part of its original loaded state.
Bases: sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.History
A 3-tuple of added, unchanged and deleted values, representing the changes which have occurred on an instrumented attribute.
The easiest way to get a History object for a particular attribute on an object is to use the inspect() function:
from sqlalchemy import inspect
hist = inspect(myobject).attrs.myattribute.history
Each tuple member is an iterable sequence:
Return a collection of unchanged + deleted.
Return a collection of added + unchanged.
Return a collection of added + unchanged + deleted.