Educational version of the
-Groebner Basis Algorithm over PIDs.¶
No attempt was made to optimize this algorithm as the emphasis of this implementation is a clean and easy presentation.
Note
The notion of ‘term’ and ‘monomial’ in [BW93] is swapped from the notion of those words in Sage (or the other way around, however you prefer it). In Sage a term is a monomial multiplied by a coefficient, while in [BW93] a monomial is a term multiplied by a coefficient. Also, what is called LM (the leading monomial) in Sage is called HT (the head term) in [BW93].
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis import d_basis
First, consider an example from arithmetic geometry:
sage: A.<x,y> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, 2)
sage: B.<X,Y> = PolynomialRing(Rationals(),2)
sage: f = -y^2 - y + x^3 + 7*x + 1
sage: fx = f.derivative(x)
sage: fy = f.derivative(y)
sage: I = B.ideal([B(f),B(fx),B(fy)])
sage: I.groebner_basis()
[1]
Since the output is 1, we know that there are no generic singularities.
To look at the singularities of the arithmetic surface, we need to do
the corresponding computation over :
sage: I = A.ideal([f,fx,fy])
sage: gb = d_basis(I); gb
[x - 2020, y - 11313, 22627]
sage: gb[-1].factor()
11^3 * 17
This Groebner Basis gives a lot of information. First, the only
fibers (over ) that are not smooth are at 11 = 0, and 17 = 0.
Examining the Groebner Basis, we see that we have a simple node in
both the fiber at 11 and at 17. From the factorization, we see that
the node at 17 is regular on the surface (an
node), but the node
at 11 is not. After blowing up this non-regular point, we find that
it is an
node.
Another example. This one is from the Magma Handbook:
sage: P.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(IntegerRing(), 3, order='lex')
sage: I = ideal( x^2 - 1, y^2 - 1, 2*x*y - z)
sage: I = Ideal(d_basis(I))
sage: x.reduce(I)
x
sage: (2*x).reduce(I)
y*z
To compute modulo 4, we can add the generator 4 to our basis.:
sage: I = ideal( x^2 - 1, y^2 - 1, 2*x*y - z, 4)
sage: gb = d_basis(I)
sage: R = P.change_ring(IntegerModRing(4))
sage: gb = [R(f) for f in gb if R(f)]; gb
[x^2 - 1, x*z + 2*y, 2*x - y*z, y^2 - 1, z^2, 2*z]
A third example is also from the Magma Handbook.
This example shows how one can use Groebner bases over the integers to find the primes modulo which a system of equations has a solution, when the system has no solutions over the rationals.
We first form a certain ideal in
, and note that the
Groebner basis of
over
contains 1, so there are no solutions
over
or an algebraic closure of it (this is not surprising as
there are 4 equations in 3 unknowns).:
sage: P.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(IntegerRing(), 3)
sage: I = ideal( x^2 - 3*y, y^3 - x*y, z^3 - x, x^4 - y*z + 1 )
sage: I.change_ring( P.change_ring( RationalField() ) ).groebner_basis()
[1]
However, when we compute the Groebner basis of I (defined over ), we
note that there is a certain integer in the ideal which is not 1.:
sage: d_basis(I) # random -- waiting on upstream singular fixes at #6051
[x + 170269749119, y + 2149906854, z + ..., 282687803443]
Now for each prime dividing this integer 282687803443, the Groebner
basis of I modulo
will be non-trivial and will thus give a solution
of the original system modulo
.:
sage: factor(282687803443)
101 * 103 * 27173681
sage: I.change_ring( P.change_ring( GF(101) ) ).groebner_basis()
[x + 19, y + 48, z - 33]
sage: I.change_ring( P.change_ring( GF(103) ) ).groebner_basis()
[x + 39, y + 8, z - 18]
sage: I.change_ring( P.change_ring( GF(27173681) ) ).groebner_basis()
[x - 536027, y + 3186055, z + 10380032]
Of course, modulo any other prime the Groebner basis is trivial so there are no other solutions. For example:
sage: I.change_ring( P.change_ring( GF(3) ) ).groebner_basis()
[1]
AUTHOR:
- Martin Albrecht (2008-08): initial version
-
sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis.
LC
(f)¶
-
sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis.
LM
(f)¶
-
sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis.
d_basis
(F, strat=True)¶ Return the
-basis for the Ideal
F
as defined in [BW93].INPUT:
F
- an idealstrat
- use update strategy (default:True
)
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis import d_basis sage: A.<x,y> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, 2) sage: f = -y^2 - y + x^3 + 7*x + 1 sage: fx = f.derivative(x) sage: fy = f.derivative(y) sage: I = A.ideal([f,fx,fy]) sage: gb = d_basis(I); gb [x - 2020, y - 11313, 22627]
-
sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis.
gpol
(g1, g2)¶ Return G-Polynomial of
g_1
andg_2
.Let
be
,
with
, and
with
. Then the G-Polynomial is defined as:
.
INPUT:
g1
- polynomialg2
- polynomial
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis import gpol sage: P.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(IntegerRing(), 3, order='lex') sage: f = x^2 - 1 sage: g = 2*x*y - z sage: gpol(f,g) x^2*y - y
-
sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis.
select
(P)¶ The normal selection strategy.
INPUT:
P
- a list of critical pairs
- OUTPUT:
- an element of P
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis import select sage: A.<x,y> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, 2) sage: f = -y^2 - y + x^3 + 7*x + 1 sage: fx = f.derivative(x) sage: fy = f.derivative(y) sage: G = [f, fx, fy] sage: B = set(filter(lambda (x,y): x!=y, [(f1,f2) for f1 in G for f2 in G])) sage: select(B) (-2*y - 1, 3*x^2 + 7)
-
sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis.
spol
(g1, g2)¶ Return S-Polynomial of
g_1
andg_2
.Let
be
,
with
, and
with
. Then the S-Polynomial is defined as:
.
INPUT:
g1
- polynomialg2
- polynomial
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis import spol sage: P.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(IntegerRing(), 3, order='lex') sage: f = x^2 - 1 sage: g = 2*x*y - z sage: spol(f,g) x*z - 2*y
-
sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis.
update
(G, B, h)¶ Update
G
using the list of critical pairsB
and the polynomialh
as presented in [BW93], page 230. For this, Buchberger’s first and second criterion are tested.This function uses the Gebauer-Moeller Installation.
INPUT:
G
- an intermediate Groebner basisB
- a list of critical pairsh
- a polynomial
- OUTPUT:
G,B
whereG
andB
are updated
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.toy_d_basis import update sage: A.<x,y> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, 2) sage: G = set([3*x^2 + 7, 2*y + 1, x^3 - y^2 + 7*x - y + 1]) sage: B = set([]) sage: h = x^2*y - x^2 + y - 3 sage: update(G,B,h) ({2*y + 1, 3*x^2 + 7, x^2*y - x^2 + y - 3, x^3 - y^2 + 7*x - y + 1}, {(x^2*y - x^2 + y - 3, 2*y + 1), (x^2*y - x^2 + y - 3, 3*x^2 + 7), (x^2*y - x^2 + y - 3, x^3 - y^2 + 7*x - y + 1)})