The purpose of this class is to help implement trees with a specific structure on the children of each node. For instance, one could want to define a tree in which each node sees its children as linearly (see the Ordered Trees module) or cyclically ordered.
Tree structures
Conceptually, one can define a tree structure from any object that can contain others. Indeed, a list can contain lists which contain lists which contain lists, and thus define a tree ... The same can be done with sets, or any kind of iterable objects.
While any iterable is sufficient to encode trees, it can prove useful to have other methods available like isomorphism tests (see next section), conversions to DiGraphs objects (see as_digraph()) or computation of the number of automorphisms constrained by the structure on children. Providing such methods is the whole purpose of the AbstractTree class.
As a result, the AbstractTree class is not meant to be instantiated, but extended. It is expected that classes extending this one may also inherit from classes representing iterables, for instance ClonableArray or ClonableList
Constrained Trees
The tree built from a specific container will reflect the properties of the container. Indeed, if A is an iterable class whose elements are linearly ordered, a class B extending both of AbstractTree and A will be such that the children of a node will be linearly ordered. If A behaves like a set (i.e. if there is no order on the elements it contains), then two trees will be considered as equal if one can be obtained from the other through permutations between the children of a same node (see next section).
Paths and ID
It is expected that each element of a set of children should be identified by its index in the container. This way, any node of the tree can be identified by a word describing a path from the root node.
Canonical labellings
Equality between instances of classes extending both of AbstractTree and A is entirely defined by the equality defined on the elements of A. A canonical labelling of such a tree however, should be such that two trees a and b satisfying a == b should have the same canonical labellings. On the other hand, the canonical labellings of trees a and b satisfying a != b are expected to be different.
For this reason, the values returned by the canonical_labelling method heavily depend on the data structure used for a node’s children and should be overridden by most of the classes extending AbstractTree if it is incoherent with the data structure.
Authors
Bases: sage.combinat.abstract_tree.AbstractTree
Abstract Clonable Tree
An abstract class for trees with clone protocol (see list_clone). It is expected that classes extending this one may also inherit from classes like ClonableArray or ClonableList depending wether one wants to build trees where adding a child is allowed.
Note
Due to the limitation of Cython inheritance, one cannot inherit here from ClonableElement, because it would prevent us to inherit later from ClonableArray or ClonableList.
How should this class be extended ?
A class extending AbstractTree should the following assumptions:
Check that self is a correct tree
This method does nothing. It is implemented here because many extensions of AbstractTree also extend sage.structure.list_clone.ClonableElement, which requires it.
It should be overriden in subclass in order to check that the invariant of the kind of tree holds (eg: two children for binary trees).
EXAMPLES:
sage: OrderedTree([[],[[]]]).check()
sage: BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]]).check()
Bases: sage.combinat.abstract_tree.AbstractLabelledTree, sage.combinat.abstract_tree.AbstractClonableTree
Abstract Labelled Clonable Tree
This class takes care of modification for the label by the clone protocol.
Note
Due to the limitation of Cython inheritance, one cannot inherit here from ClonableArray, because it would prevent us to inherit later from ClonableList.
Applies the function to the labels of self
This method returns a copy of self on which the function has
been applied on all labels (a label
is replaced by
).
EXAMPLES:
sage: LT = LabelledOrderedTree
sage: t = LT([LT([],label=1),LT([],label=7)],label=3); t
3[1[], 7[]]
sage: t.map_labels(lambda z:z+1)
4[2[], 8[]]
sage: LBT = LabelledBinaryTree
sage: bt = LBT([LBT([],label=1),LBT([],label=4)],label=2); bt
2[1[., .], 4[., .]]
sage: bt.map_labels(lambda z:z+1)
3[2[., .], 5[., .]]
Changes the label of subtree indexed by path to label
INPUT:
index in the tree)
label – any sage object
OUPUT: Nothing, self is modified in place
Note
self must be in a mutable state. See sage.structure.list_clone for more details about mutability.
EXAMPLES:
sage: t = LabelledOrderedTree([[],[[],[]]])
sage: t.set_label((0,), 4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
sage: with t.clone() as t:
... t.set_label((0,), 4)
sage: t
None[4[], None[None[], None[]]]
sage: with t.clone() as t:
... t.set_label((1,0), label = 42)
sage: t
None[4[], None[42[], None[]]]
Todo
Do we want to implement the following syntactic sugar:
with t.clone() as tt:
tt.labels[1,2] = 3 ?
Sets the label of the root of self
INPUT: label – any Sage object
OUPUT: None, self is modified in place
Note
self must be in a mutable state. See sage.structure.list_clone for more details about mutability.
EXAMPLES:
sage: t = LabelledOrderedTree([[],[[],[]]])
sage: t.set_root_label(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
sage: with t.clone() as t:
... t.set_root_label(3)
sage: t.label()
3
sage: t
3[None[], None[None[], None[]]]
This also works for binary trees:
sage: bt = LabelledBinaryTree([[],[]])
sage: bt.set_root_label(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
sage: with bt.clone() as bt:
... bt.set_root_label(3)
sage: bt.label()
3
sage: bt
3[None[., .], None[., .]]
TESTS:
sage: with t.clone() as t:
... t[0] = LabelledOrderedTree(t[0], label = 4)
sage: t
3[4[], None[None[], None[]]]
sage: with t.clone() as t:
... t[1,0] = LabelledOrderedTree(t[1,0], label = 42)
sage: t
3[4[], None[42[], None[]]]
Bases: sage.combinat.abstract_tree.AbstractTree
Abstract Labelled Tree
Typically a class for labelled tree is contructed by inheriting from a class for unlabelled trees and AbstractLabelledTree
How should this class be extended ?
A class extending AbstractLabelledTree should respect the following assumptions:
See also
Returns a directed graph version of self.
Warning
At this time, the output makes sense only if self is a labelled binary tree with no repeated labels and no None labels.
EXAMPLES:
sage: LT = LabelledOrderedTrees()
sage: t1 = LT([LT([],label=6),LT([],label=1)],label=9)
sage: t1.as_digraph()
Digraph on 3 vertices
sage: t = BinaryTree([[None, None],[[],None]]);
sage: lt = t.canonical_labelling()
sage: lt.as_digraph()
Digraph on 4 vertices
Returns the label of self
INPUT:
in the tree)
OUTPUT: the label of the subtree indexed by path
EXAMPLES:
sage: t = LabelledOrderedTree([[],[]], label = 3)
sage: t.label()
3
sage: t[0].label()
sage: t = LabelledOrderedTree([LabelledOrderedTree([], 5),[]], label = 3)
sage: t.label()
3
sage: t[0].label()
5
sage: t[1].label()
sage: t.label([0])
5
Returns the list of labels of self
EXAMPLES:
sage: LT = LabelledOrderedTree
sage: t = LT([LT([],label='b'),LT([],label='c')],label='a')
sage: t.labels()
['a', 'b', 'c']
sage: LBT = LabelledBinaryTree
sage: LBT([LBT([],label=1),LBT([],label=4)],label=2).labels()
[2, 1, 4]
Returns the list of labels of the leaves of self
EXAMPLES:
sage: LT = LabelledOrderedTree
sage: t = LT([LT([],label='b'),LT([],label='c')],label='a')
sage: t.leaf_labels()
['b', 'c']
sage: LBT = LabelledBinaryTree
sage: bt = LBT([LBT([],label='b'),LBT([],label='c')],label='a')
sage: bt.leaf_labels()
['b', 'c']
sage: LBT([], label='1').leaf_labels()
['1']
sage: LBT(None).leaf_labels()
[]
Returns the unlabelled tree associated to self
EXAMPLES:
sage: t = LabelledOrderedTree([[],[[]]], label = 25).shape(); t
[[], [[]]]
sage: LabelledBinaryTree([[],[[],[]]], label = 25).shape()
[[., .], [[., .], [., .]]]
TESTS:
sage: t.parent()
Ordered trees
sage: type(t)
<class 'sage.combinat.ordered_tree.OrderedTrees_all_with_category.element_class'>
Bases: object
Abstract Tree
There is no data structure defined here, as this class is meant to be extended, not instantiated.
How should this class be extended ?
A class extending AbstractTree should respect several assumptions:
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(OrderedTree()).run()
sage: TestSuite(BinaryTree()).run()
Returns a labelled version of self
The actual canonical labelling is currently unspecified. However, it
is guaranteed to have labels in where
is the number of
nodes of the tree. Moreover, two (unlabelled) trees compare as equal if
and only if their canonical labelled trees compare as equal.
EXAMPLES:
sage: t = OrderedTree([[], [[], [[], []], [[], []]], [[], []]])
sage: t.canonical_labelling()
1[2[], 3[4[], 5[6[], 7[]], 8[9[], 10[]]], 11[12[], 13[]]]
sage: BinaryTree([]).canonical_labelling()
1[., .]
sage: BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]]).canonical_labelling()
2[1[., .], 4[3[., .], 5[., .]]]
TESTS:
sage: BinaryTree().canonical_labelling()
.
The depth of self
EXAMPLES:
sage: OrderedTree().depth()
1
sage: OrderedTree([]).depth()
1
sage: OrderedTree([[],[]]).depth()
2
sage: OrderedTree([[],[[]]]).depth()
3
sage: OrderedTree([[], [[], [[], []], [[], []]], [[], []]]).depth()
4
sage: BinaryTree().depth()
0
sage: BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]]).depth()
3
The number of nodes of self
EXAMPLES:
sage: OrderedTree().node_number()
1
sage: OrderedTree([]).node_number()
1
sage: OrderedTree([[],[]]).node_number()
3
sage: OrderedTree([[],[[]]]).node_number()
4
sage: OrderedTree([[], [[], [[], []], [[], []]], [[], []]]).node_number()
13
EXAMPLE:
sage: BinaryTree(None).node_number()
0
sage: BinaryTree([]).node_number()
1
sage: BinaryTree([[], None]).node_number()
2
sage: BinaryTree([[None, [[], []]], None]).node_number()
5
Returns a generator for all paths to nodes of self
OUTPUT:
This method returns a list of sequences of integers. Each of these
sequences represents a path from the root node to another one : represents the node obtained by chosing the 1st children of
the root node (in the ordering returned by iter), then the 3rd of
its children, then the 2nd of this element, etc.
The root element is represented by the empty tuple ().
EXAMPLES:
sage: list(OrderedTree([]).paths())
[()]
sage: list(OrderedTree([[],[[]]]).paths())
[(), (0,), (1,), (1, 0)]
sage: list(BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]]).paths())
[(), (0,), (1,), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
TESTS:
sage: t = OrderedTree([[], [[], [[], []], [[], []]], [[], []]])
sage: t.node_number() == len(list(t.paths()))
True
sage: list(BinaryTree().paths())
[]
sage: bt = BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]])
sage: bt.node_number() == len(list(bt.paths()))
True
Returns a generator for all subtrees of self
The number of subtrees of a tree is its number of elements.
EXAMPLES:
sage: list(OrderedTree([]).subtrees())
[[]]
sage: list(OrderedTree([[],[[]]]).subtrees())
[[[], [[]]], [], [[]], []]
sage: list(BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]]).subtrees())
[[[., .], [[., .], [., .]]], [., .], [[., .], [., .]], [., .], [., .]]
TESTS:
sage: t = OrderedTree([[], [[], [[], []], [[], []]], [[], []]])
sage: t.node_number() == len(list(t.subtrees()))
True
sage: list(BinaryTree().subtrees())
[]
sage: bt = BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]])
sage: bt.node_number() == len(list(bt.subtrees()))
True
Transform a tree into an hexadecimal string.
The definition of the hexacode is recursive. The first letter is the valence of the root as an hexadecimal (up to 15), followed by the concatenation of the hexacodes of the subtrees.
This method only works for trees where every vertex has valency at most 15.
See from_hexacode() for the reverse transformation.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.combinat.abstract_tree import from_hexacode
sage: LT = LabelledOrderedTrees()
sage: from_hexacode('2010', LT).to_hexacode()
'2010'
sage: LT.an_element().to_hexacode()
'3020010'
sage: t = from_hexacode('a0000000000000000', LT)
sage: t.to_hexacode()
'a0000000000'
sage: OrderedTrees(6).an_element().to_hexacode()
'500000'
TESTS:
sage: one = LT([], label='@')
sage: LT([one for _ in range(15)], label='@').to_hexacode()
'f000000000000000'
sage: LT([one for _ in range(16)], label='@').to_hexacode()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the width of the tree is too large
Returns the tree-factorial of self
Definition:
The tree-factorial of a tree
is the product
.
EXAMPLES:
sage: LT = LabelledOrderedTrees()
sage: t = LT([LT([],label=6),LT([],label=1)],label=9)
sage: t.tree_factorial()
3
sage: BinaryTree([[],[[],[]]]).tree_factorial()
15
TESTS:
sage: BinaryTree().tree_factorial()
1
Transform an hexadecimal string into a tree.
INPUT:
See AbstractTree.to_hexacode() for the description of the encoding
See _from_hexacode_aux() for the actual code
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.combinat.abstract_tree import from_hexacode
sage: from_hexacode('12000', LabelledOrderedTrees())
@[@[@[], @[]]]
sage: from_hexacode('1200', LabelledOrderedTrees())
@[@[@[], @[]]]
It can happen that only a prefix of the word is used:
sage: from_hexacode('a'+14*'0', LabelledOrderedTrees())
@[@[], @[], @[], @[], @[], @[], @[], @[], @[], @[]]
One can choose the label:
sage: from_hexacode('1200', LabelledOrderedTrees(), label='o')
o[o[o[], o[]]]
One can also create other kinds of trees:
sage: from_hexacode('1200', OrderedTrees())
[[[], []]]