This module is a part of the framework for toric varieties (variety, fano_variety). Its main purpose is to provide support for working with lattice morphisms compatible with fans via FanMorphism class.
AUTHORS:
Andrey Novoseltsev (2010-10-17): initial version.
fibration, bundle, as well as some related methods.
EXAMPLES:
Let’s consider the face and normal fans of the “diamond” and the projection
to the -axis:
sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.octahedron(2)
sage: face = FaceFan(diamond)
sage: normal = NormalFan(diamond)
sage: N = face.lattice()
sage: H = End(N)
sage: phi = H([N.0, 0])
sage: phi
Free module morphism defined by the matrix
[1 0]
[0 0]
Domain: 2-d lattice N
Codomain: 2-d lattice N
sage: FanMorphism(phi, normal, face)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the image of generating cone #1 of the domain fan
is not contained in a single cone of the codomain fan!
Some of the cones of the normal fan fail to be mapped to a single cone of the face fan. We can rectify the situation in the following way:
sage: fm = FanMorphism(phi, normal, face, subdivide=True)
sage: fm
Fan morphism defined by the matrix
[1 0]
[0 0]
Domain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
Codomain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
sage: fm.domain_fan().rays()
N(-1, 1),
N( 1, 1),
N(-1, -1),
N( 1, -1),
N( 0, -1),
N( 0, 1)
in 2-d lattice N
sage: normal.rays()
N(-1, 1),
N( 1, 1),
N(-1, -1),
N( 1, -1)
in 2-d lattice N
As you see, it was necessary to insert two new rays (to prevent “upper” and
“lower” cones of the normal fan from being mapped to the whole -axis).
Bases: sage.modules.free_module_morphism.FreeModuleMorphism
Create a fan morphism.
Let and
be two fans in lattices
and
respectively. Let
be a morphism (i.e. a linear map) from
to
. We say that
is compatible with
and
if every cone
is mapped by
into a single cone
, i.e.
(
may be different for different
).
By a fan morphism we understand a morphism between two lattices compatible with specified fans in these lattices. Such morphisms behave in exactly the same way as “regular” morphisms between lattices, but:
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
EXAMPLES:
Here we consider the face and normal fans of the “diamond” and the
projection to the -axis:
sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.octahedron(2)
sage: face = FaceFan(diamond)
sage: normal = NormalFan(diamond)
sage: N = face.lattice()
sage: H = End(N)
sage: phi = H([N.0, 0])
sage: phi
Free module morphism defined by the matrix
[1 0]
[0 0]
Domain: 2-d lattice N
Codomain: 2-d lattice N
sage: fm = FanMorphism(phi, face, normal)
sage: fm.domain_fan() is face
True
Note, that since phi is compatible with these fans, the returned fan is exactly the same object as the initial domain_fan.
sage: FanMorphism(phi, normal, face)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the image of generating cone #1 of the domain fan
is not contained in a single cone of the codomain fan!
sage: fm = FanMorphism(phi, normal, face, subdivide=True)
sage: fm.domain_fan() is normal
False
sage: fm.domain_fan().ngenerating_cones()
6
We had to subdivide two of the four cones of the normal fan, since they were mapped by phi into non-strictly convex cones.
It is possible to omit the codomain fan, in which case the image fan will be used instead of it:
sage: fm = FanMorphism(phi, face)
sage: fm.codomain_fan()
Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
sage: fm.codomain_fan().rays()
N( 1, 0),
N(-1, 0)
in 2-d lattice N
Now we demonstrate a more subtle example. We take the first quadrant as our domain fan. Then we divide the first quadrant into three cones, throw away the middle one and take the other two as our codomain fan. These fans are incompatible with the identity lattice morphism since the image of the domain fan is out of the support of the codomain fan:
sage: N = ToricLattice(2)
sage: phi = End(N).identity()
sage: F1 = Fan(cones=[(0,1)], rays=[(1,0), (0,1)])
sage: F2 = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (2,3)],
... rays=[(1,0), (2,1), (1,2), (0,1)])
sage: FanMorphism(phi, F1, F2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the image of generating cone #0 of the domain fan
is not contained in a single cone of the codomain fan!
sage: FanMorphism(phi, F1, F2, subdivide=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: morphism defined by
[1 0]
[0 1]
does not map
Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
into the support of
Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N!
The problem was detected and handled correctly (i.e. an exception was raised). However, the used algorithm requires extra checks for this situation after constructing a potential subdivision and this can take significant time. You can save about half the time using check=False option, if you know in advance that it is possible to make fans compatible with the morphism by subdividing the domain fan. Of course, if your assumption was incorrect, the result will be wrong and you will get a fan which does map into the support of the codomain fan, but is not a subdivision of the domain fan. You can test it on the example above:
sage: fm = FanMorphism(phi, F1, F2, subdivide=True,
... check=False, verbose=True)
Placing ray images (... ms)
Computing chambers (... ms)
Number of domain cones: 1.
Number of chambers: 2.
Cone 0 sits in chambers 0 1 (... ms)
sage: fm.domain_fan().is_equivalent(F2)
True
Return the codomain fan of self.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: quadrant = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
sage: quadrant = Fan([quadrant])
sage: quadrant_bl = quadrant.subdivide([(1,1)])
sage: fm = FanMorphism(identity_matrix(2), quadrant_bl, quadrant)
sage: fm.codomain_fan()
Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
sage: fm.codomain_fan() is quadrant
True
Return the codomain fan of self.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: quadrant = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
sage: quadrant = Fan([quadrant])
sage: quadrant_bl = quadrant.subdivide([(1,1)])
sage: fm = FanMorphism(identity_matrix(2), quadrant_bl, quadrant)
sage: fm.domain_fan()
Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
sage: fm.domain_fan() is quadrant_bl
True
Factor self into injective * birational * surjective morphisms.
OUTPUT:
Intermediate fans live in the saturation of the image of self
as a map between lattices and are the image of the domain_fan()
and the restriction of the codomain_fan(), i.e. if self maps
, then we have factorization into
Note
EXAMPLES:
We map an affine plane into a projective 3-space in such a way, that it becomes “a double cover of a chart of the blow up of one of the coordinate planes”:
sage: A2 = toric_varieties.A2()
sage: P3 = toric_varieties.P(3)
sage: m = matrix([(2,0,0), (1,1,0)])
sage: phi = A2.hom(m, P3)
sage: phi.as_polynomial_map()
Scheme morphism:
From: 2-d affine toric variety
To: 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 4 affine patches
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending [x : y] to
[x^2*y : y : 1 : 1]
Now we will work with the underlying fan morphism:
sage: phi = phi.fan_morphism()
sage: phi
Fan morphism defined by the matrix
[2 0 0]
[1 1 0]
Domain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
Codomain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
sage: phi.is_surjective(), phi.is_birational(), phi.is_injective()
(False, False, False)
sage: phi_i, phi_b, phi_s = phi.factor()
sage: phi_s.is_surjective(), phi_b.is_birational(), phi_i.is_injective()
(True, True, True)
sage: prod(phi.factor()) == phi
True
Double cover (surjective):
sage: A2.fan().rays()
N(1, 0),
N(0, 1)
in 2-d lattice N
sage: phi_s
Fan morphism defined by the matrix
[2 0]
[1 1]
Domain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
Codomain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in Sublattice <N(1, 0, 0), N(0, 1, 0)>
sage: phi_s.codomain_fan().rays()
N(1, 0, 0),
N(1, 1, 0)
in Sublattice <N(1, 0, 0), N(0, 1, 0)>
Blowup chart (birational):
sage: phi_b
Fan morphism defined by the matrix
[1 0]
[0 1]
Domain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in Sublattice <N(1, 0, 0), N(0, 1, 0)>
Codomain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in Sublattice <N(1, 0, 0), N(0, 1, 0)>
sage: phi_b.codomain_fan().rays()
N( 1, 0, 0),
N( 0, 1, 0),
N(-1, -1, 0)
in Sublattice <N(1, 0, 0), N(0, 1, 0)>
Coordinate plane inclusion (injective):
sage: phi_i
Fan morphism defined by the matrix
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
Domain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in Sublattice <N(1, 0, 0), N(0, 1, 0)>
Codomain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
sage: phi.codomain_fan().rays()
N( 1, 0, 0),
N( 0, 1, 0),
N( 0, 0, 1),
N(-1, -1, -1)
in 3-d lattice N
TESTS:
sage: phi_s.matrix() * phi_b.matrix() * phi_i.matrix() == m
True
sage: phi.domain_fan() is phi_s.domain_fan()
True
sage: phi_s.codomain_fan() is phi_b.domain_fan()
True
sage: phi_b.codomain_fan() is phi_i.domain_fan()
True
sage: phi_i.codomain_fan() is phi.codomain_fan()
True
Return the cone of the codomain fan containing the image of cone.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: quadrant = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
sage: quadrant = Fan([quadrant])
sage: quadrant_bl = quadrant.subdivide([(1,1)])
sage: fm = FanMorphism(identity_matrix(2), quadrant_bl, quadrant)
sage: fm.image_cone(Cone([(1,0)]))
1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
sage: fm.image_cone(Cone([(1,1)]))
2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
TESTS:
We check that complete codomain fans are handled correctly, since a different algorithm is used in this case:
sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.octahedron(2)
sage: face = FaceFan(diamond)
sage: normal = NormalFan(diamond)
sage: N = face.lattice()
sage: fm = FanMorphism(identity_matrix(2),
... normal, face, subdivide=True)
sage: fm.image_cone(Cone([(1,0)]))
1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
sage: fm.image_cone(Cone([(1,1)]))
2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
Return the index of self as a map between lattices.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
If no cone was specified, this function computes the index of the
image of self in the codomain. If a cone was given, the
index of self over
is computed in the sense of
Definition 2.1.7 of [HLY]: if
is any cone of the
domain_fan() of self whose relative interior is mapped to the
relative interior of
, it is the index of the image of
in
, where
and
are domain and codomain
lattices respectively. While that definition was formulated for the case
of the finite index only, we extend it to the infinite one as well and
return None if there is no
at all. See examples below for
situations when such things happen. Note also that the index of self
is the same as index over the trivial cone.
EXAMPLES:
sage: Sigma = toric_varieties.dP8().fan()
sage: Sigma_p = toric_varieties.P1().fan()
sage: phi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1], [-1]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: phi.index()
1
sage: psi = FanMorphism(matrix([[2], [-2]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: psi.index()
2
sage: xi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1, 0]]), Sigma_p, Sigma)
sage: xi.index()
+Infinity
Infinite index in the last example indicates that the image has positive codimension in the codomain. Let’s look at the rays of our fans:
sage: Sigma_p.rays()
N( 1),
N(-1)
in 1-d lattice N
sage: Sigma.rays()
N( 1, 1),
N( 0, 1),
N(-1, -1),
N( 1, 0)
in 2-d lattice N
sage: xi.factor()[0].domain_fan().rays()
N( 1, 0),
N(-1, 0)
in Sublattice <N(1, 0)>
We see that one of the rays of the fan of P1 is mapped to a ray, while the other one to the interior of some 2-d cone. Both rays correspond to single points on P1, yet one is mapped to the distinguished point of a torus invariant curve of dP8 (with the rest of this curve being uncovered) and the other to a fixed point of dP8 (thus completely covering this torus orbit in dP8).
We should therefore expect the following behaviour: all indices over 1-d cones are None, except for one which is infinite, and all indices over 2-d cones are None, except for one which is 1:
sage: [xi.index(cone) for cone in Sigma(1)]
[None, None, None, +Infinity]
sage: [xi.index(cone) for cone in Sigma(2)]
[None, 1, None, None]
TESTS:
sage: Sigma = toric_varieties.dP8().fan()
sage: Sigma_p = toric_varieties.Cube_nonpolyhedral().fan()
sage: m = matrix([[2,6,10], [7,11,13]])
sage: zeta = FanMorphism(m, Sigma, Sigma_p, subdivide=True)
sage: [zeta.index(cone) for cone in flatten(Sigma_p.cones())]
[+Infinity, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None,
4, 4, None, 4, None, None, 2, None, 4, None, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
sage: zeta = prod(zeta.factor()[1:])
sage: Sigma_p = zeta.codomain_fan()
sage: [zeta.index(cone) for cone in flatten(Sigma_p.cones())]
[4, 4, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
sage: zeta.index() == zeta.index(Sigma_p(0)[0])
True
Check if self is birational.
OUTPUT:
For fan morphisms this check is equivalent to self.index() == 1 and means that the corresponding map between toric varieties is birational.
EXAMPLES:
sage: Sigma = toric_varieties.dP8().fan()
sage: Sigma_p = toric_varieties.P1().fan()
sage: phi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1], [-1]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: psi = FanMorphism(matrix([[2], [-2]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: xi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1, 0]]), Sigma_p, Sigma)
sage: phi.index(), psi.index(), xi.index()
(1, 2, +Infinity)
sage: phi.is_birational(), psi.is_birational(), xi.is_birational()
(True, False, False)
Check if self is a bundle.
OUTPUT:
Let be a fan morphism such that the
underlying lattice morphism
is surjective. Let
be the kernel fan of
. Then
is a bundle (or
splitting) if there is a subfan
of
such
that the following two conditions are satisfied:
- Cones of
are precisely the cones of the form
, where
and
.
- Cones of
are in bijection with cones of
induced by
and
maps lattice points in every cone
bijectively onto lattice points in
.
If a fan morphism is a bundle, then
is a fiber bundle over
with fibers
, where
is the kernel lattice of
. See
[CLS11] for more details.
See also
REFERENCES:
[CLS11] | David A. Cox, John Little, and Hal Schenck. Toric Varieties. Volume 124 of Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2011. |
EXAMPLES:
We consider several maps between fans of a del Pezzo surface and the projective line:
sage: Sigma = toric_varieties.dP8().fan()
sage: Sigma_p = toric_varieties.P1().fan()
sage: phi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1], [-1]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: psi = FanMorphism(matrix([[2], [-2]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: xi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1, 0]]), Sigma_p, Sigma)
sage: phi.is_bundle()
True
sage: phi.is_fibration()
True
sage: phi.index()
1
sage: psi.is_bundle()
False
sage: psi.is_fibration()
True
sage: psi.index()
2
sage: xi.is_fibration()
False
sage: xi.index()
+Infinity
The first of these maps induces not only a fibration, but a fiber bundle structure. The second map is very similar, yet it fails to be a bundle, as its index is 2. The last map is not even a fibration.
Check if self is a fibration.
OUTPUT:
A fan morphism is a fibration if for any
cone
and any primitive preimage cone
corresponding to
the linear map of vector spaces
induces a bijection between
and
, and, in
addition,
is surjective.
If a fan morphism is a fibration, then the
associated morphism between toric varieties
is a fibration in the sense that it is surjective and all
of its fibers have the same dimension, namely
. These fibers do not have to be isomorphic, i.e. a
fibration is not necessarily a fiber bundle. See [HLY02] for more
details.
See also
REFERENCES:
[HLY02] | Yi Hu, Chien-Hao Liu, and Shing-Tung Yau. Toric morphisms and fibrations of toric Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces. Adv. Theor. Math. Phys., 6(3):457-506, 2002. arXiv:math/0010082v2 [math.AG]. |
EXAMPLES:
We consider several maps between fans of a del Pezzo surface and the projective line:
sage: Sigma = toric_varieties.dP8().fan()
sage: Sigma_p = toric_varieties.P1().fan()
sage: phi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1], [-1]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: psi = FanMorphism(matrix([[2], [-2]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
sage: xi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1, 0]]), Sigma_p, Sigma)
sage: phi.is_bundle()
True
sage: phi.is_fibration()
True
sage: phi.index()
1
sage: psi.is_bundle()
False
sage: psi.is_fibration()
True
sage: psi.index()
2
sage: xi.is_fibration()
False
sage: xi.index()
+Infinity
The first of these maps induces not only a fibration, but a fiber bundle structure. The second map is very similar, yet it fails to be a bundle, as its index is 2. The last map is not even a fibration.
TESTS:
We check that reviewer’s example on Trac 11200 works as expected:
sage: P1 = toric_varieties.P1()
sage: A1 = toric_varieties.A1()
sage: phi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1]]), A1.fan(), P1.fan())
sage: phi.is_fibration()
False
Check if self is injective.
OUTPUT:
Let be a fan morphism such that the
underlying lattice morphism
bijectively maps
to a
saturated sublattice of
. Let
be the
restriction of
to the image. Then
is injective if the
map between cones corresponding to
(injectively) maps each cone
of
to a cone of the same dimension.
If a fan morphism is injective, then the
associated morphism between toric varieties
is injective.
See also
restrict_to_image().
EXAMPLES:
Consider the fan of the affine plane:
sage: A2 = toric_varieties.A(2).fan()
We will map several fans consisting of a single ray into the interior of the 2-cone:
sage: Sigma = Fan([Cone([(1,1)])])
sage: m = identity_matrix(2)
sage: FanMorphism(m, Sigma, A2).is_injective()
False
This morphism was not injective since (in the toric varieties interpretation) the 1-dimensional orbit corresponding to the ray was mapped to the 0-dimensional orbit corresponding to the 2-cone.
sage: Sigma = Fan([Cone([(1,)])])
sage: m = matrix(1, 2, [1,1])
sage: FanMorphism(m, Sigma, A2).is_injective()
True
While the fans in this example are close to the previous one, here the ray corresponds to a 0-dimensional orbit.
sage: Sigma = Fan([Cone([(1,)])])
sage: m = matrix(1, 2, [2,2])
sage: FanMorphism(m, Sigma, A2).is_injective()
False
Here the problem is that m maps the domain lattice to a non-saturated sublattice of the codomain. The corresponding map of the toric varieties is a two-sheeted cover of its image.
We also embed the affine plane into the projective one:
sage: P2 = toric_varieties.P(2).fan()
sage: m = identity_matrix(2)
sage: FanMorphism(m, A2, P2).is_injective()
True
Check if self is surjective.
OUTPUT:
A fan morphism is surjective if the
corresponding map between cones is surjective, i.e. for each cone
there is at least one preimage cone
such that the relative interior of
is mapped to the
relative interior of
and, in addition,
is surjective.
If a fan morphism is surjective, then the
associated morphism between toric varieties
is surjective.
See also
EXAMPLES:
We check that the blow up of the affine plane at the origin is surjective:
sage: A2 = toric_varieties.A(2).fan()
sage: Bl = A2.subdivide([(1,1)])
sage: m = identity_matrix(2)
sage: FanMorphism(m, Bl, A2).is_surjective()
True
It remains surjective if we throw away “south and north poles” of the exceptional divisor:
sage: FanMorphism(m, Fan(Bl.cones(1)), A2).is_surjective()
True
But a single patch of the blow up does not cover the plane:
sage: F = Fan([Bl.generating_cone(0)])
sage: FanMorphism(m, F, A2).is_surjective()
False
TESTS:
We check that reviewer’s example on Trac 11200 works as expected:
sage: P1 = toric_varieties.P1()
sage: A1 = toric_varieties.A1()
sage: phi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1]]), A1.fan(), P1.fan())
sage: phi.is_surjective()
False
Return the subfan of the domain fan mapped into the origin.
OUTPUT:
Note
The lattice of the kernel fan is the kernel() sublattice of self.
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: fan = Fan(rays=[(1,0), (1,1), (0,1)], cones=[(0,1), (1,2)])
sage: fm = FanMorphism(matrix(2, 1, [1,-1]), fan, ToricLattice(1))
sage: fm.kernel_fan()
Rational polyhedral fan in Sublattice <N(1, 1)>
sage: _.rays()
N(1, 1)
in Sublattice <N(1, 1)>
sage: fm.kernel_fan().cones()
((0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in Sublattice <N(1, 1)>,),
(1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in Sublattice <N(1, 1)>,))
Return cones of the domain fan whose image_cone() is cone.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: quadrant = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
sage: quadrant = Fan([quadrant])
sage: quadrant_bl = quadrant.subdivide([(1,1)])
sage: fm = FanMorphism(identity_matrix(2), quadrant_bl, quadrant)
sage: fm.preimage_cones(Cone([(1,0)]))
(1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
sage: fm.preimage_cones(Cone([(1,0), (0,1)]))
(1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N)
TESTS:
We check that reviewer’s example from Trac #9972 is handled correctly:
sage: N1 = ToricLattice(1)
sage: N2 = ToricLattice(2)
sage: Hom21 = Hom(N2, N1)
sage: pr = Hom21([N1.0,0])
sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()
sage: f = FanMorphism(pr, P1xP1.fan())
sage: c = f.image_cone(Cone([(1,0), (0,1)]))
sage: c
1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 1-d lattice N
sage: f.preimage_cones(c)
(1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N)
Return the subfan of the domain fan mapped into cone.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Note
The preimage fan of cone consists of all cones of the domain_fan() which are mapped into cone, including those that are mapped into its boundary. So this fan is not necessarily generated by preimage_cones() of cone.
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: quadrant_cone = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
sage: quadrant_fan = Fan([quadrant_cone])
sage: quadrant_bl = quadrant_fan.subdivide([(1,1)])
sage: fm = FanMorphism(identity_matrix(2),
... quadrant_bl, quadrant_fan)
sage: fm.preimage_fan(Cone([(1,0)])).cones()
((0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,),
(1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,))
sage: fm.preimage_fan(quadrant_cone).ngenerating_cones()
2
sage: len(fm.preimage_cones(quadrant_cone))
3
Return the primitive cones of the domain fan corresponding to cone.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Let be a fan morphism, let
, and let
. Then
is a
primitive cone corresponding to
if there is no proper
face
of
such that
.
Primitive cones play an important role for fibration morphisms.
See also
EXAMPLES:
Consider a projection of a del Pezzo surface onto the projective line:
sage: Sigma = toric_varieties.dP6().fan()
sage: Sigma.rays()
N( 0, 1),
N(-1, 0),
N(-1, -1),
N( 0, -1),
N( 1, 0),
N( 1, 1)
in 2-d lattice N
sage: Sigma_p = toric_varieties.P1().fan()
sage: phi = FanMorphism(matrix([[1], [-1]]), Sigma, Sigma_p)
Under this map, one pair of rays is mapped to the origin, one in the positive direction, and one in the negative one. Also three 2-dimensional cones are mapped in the positive direction and three in the negative one, so there are 5 preimage cones corresponding to either of the rays of the codomain fan Sigma_p:
sage: len(phi.preimage_cones(Cone([(1,)])))
5
Yet only rays are primitive:
sage: phi.primitive_preimage_cones(Cone([(1,)]))
(1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N)
Since all primitive cones are mapped onto their images bijectively, we get a fibration:
sage: phi.is_fibration()
True
But since there are several primitive cones corresponding to the same cone of the codomain fan, this map is not a bundle, even though its index is 1:
sage: phi.is_bundle()
False
sage: phi.index()
1